A P2RY12 deficiency results in sex-specific cellular perturbations and sexually dimorphic behavioral anomalies.

Microglia are sexually dimorphic, yet, this critical aspect is often overlooked in neuroscientific studies. Decades of research have revealed the dynamic nature of microglial-neuronal interactions, but seldom consider how this dynamism varies with microglial sex differences, leaving a significant gap in our knowledge. This study focuses on P2RY12, a highly expressed microglial signature gene that mediates microglial-neuronal interactions, we show that adult females have a significantly higher expression of the receptor than adult male microglia. We further demonstrate that a genetic deletion of P2RY12 induces sex-specific cellular perturbations with microglia and neurons in females more significantly affected. Correspondingly, female mice lacking P2RY12 exhibit unique behavioral anomalies not observed in male counterparts. These findings underscore the critical, sex-specific roles of P2RY12 in microglial-neuronal interactions, offering new insights into basal interactions and potential implications for CNS disease mechanisms.

A P2RY12 Deficiency Results in Sex-specific Cellular Perturbations and Sexually Dimorphic Behavioral Anomalies.

Microglia are sexually dimorphic, yet, this critical aspect is often overlooked in neuroscientific studies. Decades of research have revealed the dynamic nature of microglial-neuronal interactions, but seldom consider how this dynamism varies with microglial sex differences, leaving a significant gap in our knowledge. This study focuses on P2RY12, a highly expressed microglial signature gene that mediates microglial-neuronal interactions, we show that adult females have a significantly higher expression of the receptor than adult male microglia. We further demonstrate that a genetic deletion of P2RY12 induces sex-specific cellular perturbations with microglia and neurons in females more significantly affected. Correspondingly, female mice lacking P2RY12 exhibit unique behavioral anomalies not observed in male counterparts. These findings underscore the critical, sex-specific roles of P2RY12 in microglial-neuronal interactions, offering new insights into basal interactions and potential implications for CNS disease mechanisms.

Adult lifespan maturation and degeneration patterns in gray and white matter: A mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI study.

The relationship between brain microstructure and aging has been the subject of intense study, with diffusion MRI perhaps the most effective modality for elucidating these associations. Here, we used the mean apparent propagator (MAP)-MRI framework, which is suitable to characterize complex microstructure, to investigate age-related cerebral differences in a cohort of cognitively unimpaired participants and compared the results to those derived using diffusion tensor imaging. We studied MAP-MRI metrics, among them the non-Gaussianity (NG) and propagator anisotropy (PA), and established an opposing pattern in white matter of higher NG alongside lower PA among older adults, likely indicative of axonal degradation. In gray matter, however, these two indices were consistent with one another, and exhibited regional pattern heterogeneity compared to other microstructural parameters, which could indicate fewer neuronal projections across cortical layers along with an increased glial concentration. In addition, we report regional variations in the magnitude of age-related microstructural differences consistent with the posterior-anterior shift in aging paradigm. These results encourage further investigations in cognitive impairments and neurodegeneration.

Evaluation of Pre- and Post-loading Peri-implant Crestal Bone Levels Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography: An In Vivo Study.

AIM: To evaluate the buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal crestal bone around implant using CBCT analysis having buccal crestal bone width of 1 mm after placement of implant and after 3 months of loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients between 18 and 60 years of age with adequate bone width and height were selected for this in-vivo study with single or multiple missing teeth. Surgical stent was fabricated for all of them by using self-cure acrylic resin for selection of implant according to the availability of bone, and gutta-percha was used as radio-opaque marker to locate the implant site. After proper analysis, in the first stage surgery, implants were placed. After 3 months to this, the second stage surgery was performed followed by elastomeric impression for porcelain fused to metal prosthesis fabrication. The buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal bone width and height were evaluated by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT was standardized in terms of FOV (field of vision), slice thickness, and interval. After 3 months of loading, CBCT was taken to evaluate the alteration in the crestal bone around implants. Pre- and post-loading, crestal bone on four locations was measured by using CBCT software. RESULTS: There is significant bone loss at all the locations, buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal, at the time of placement and after 3 months of loading of implant (p <0.05). The mean difference of 0.840, 0.933, 0.840, and 0.380 at buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal locations, respectively, shows statistically significant difference in pre- and post-values of mean bone loss at buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal positions. Pre-loading bone loss was maximum in the distal surface, while post-loading bone loss was maximum in the buccal surface. CONCLUSION: From this study, it is concluded that although crestal bone loss was higher before implant placement, there was significant alteration in crestal bone even after loading of implant. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is widely accepted that the bone loss around the implant crest module is multidisciplinary in nature. Long-term preservation of the crestal bone is a paramount for successfully functioning of dental implants. Preserving crestal bone will help in dissipating the functional load. With proper treatment planning by the practitioner, this technical contribution to the crestal bone loss can be minimized and long-term survival of dental implants can be achieved.

Evaluation of Fracture Resistance of Reattached Fractured Tooth Fragment Stored in Different Storage Media: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: To evaluate the fracture resistance of coronal fractured tooth fragments stored in five different storage media when reattached with nanohybrid flowable composite. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The crown portion of 50 extracted human permanent maxillary central incisors were divided into three equal parts (incisal third, middle third and cervical third) and then marked incisal third were cut with the diamond disk. These were divided into five equal groups according to the type of storage media used i.e. dry storage, fresh tender coconut water, HBSS, milk, and propolis for 2 hours. Coronal fractured part with their respective apical parts were then reattached with flowable composite (G-aenial Universal Flo, GC India), then after thermocycling process samples were subjected to universal testing machine for testing fracture resistance. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis using one way ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey test. RESULTS: The obtained results revealed that large amount of force is required to fracture the reattached teeth which were stored in milk and fresh tender coconut water as compared to those which were stored in dry environment, HBSS and propolis. CONCLUSION: In this study, maximum fracture resistance was seen in teeth stored in milk and fresh tender coconut water. Therefore, these two were considered as better storage media. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Due to increased interest towards the use of tooth colored restoration, recently, fractured teeth reattachment treatment procedure gaining attention by preserving life like translucency of treated tooth.

Reusability of brilliant green dye contaminated wastewater using corncob biochar and Brevibacillus parabrevis: hybrid treatment and kinetic studies.

This work highlights the potential of corncob biochar (CCBC) and Brevibacillus parabrevis for the decolorization of brilliant green (BG) dye from synthetically prepared contaminated wastewater. The CCBC was characterized by proximate, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, respectively. Different parameters affecting the adsorption process were evaluated. The experimental results were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic results were examined by different models; pseudo-second-order model has shown the best fit to the experimental data. Anew positive values of ΔHo (172.58 kJ/mol) and ΔSo (569.97 J/K/mol) in the temperature range of 303-318 K revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The present investigation showed that the bacteria immobilized with CCBC showed better BG dye degradation. The kinetic parameters, µmax, Ks, and µ max, were found to be 0.5 per day, 39.4 mg/day, and 0.012 L/mg/day using Monod model, respectively. The adsorbent with bacteria showed good potential for the removal of cationic BG dye and can be considered for the remediation of industrial effluent.

Evaluation of Sealing Ability of Three Root Canal Sealers: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: To evaluate the sealing ability of three different types of sealers using confocal laser microscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty extracted single-root premolars were selected and divided into three groups (20 teeth in each group) according to the type of sealer used, namely, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Fillapex, AH Plus, and Bio C Sealer. Root canal preparation and obturation were done in all the samples. Roots was dissected transversely in apical plane. Percentage of gap from region to canal circumference was calculated using a confocal laser microscope. Samples were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: High dye penetration was seen with AH Plus compared to MTA Fillapex and least with Bio C Sealer. The AH Plus is the best sealer with respect to seal ability of all the three. CONCLUSION: This study helps to appraise the sealing ability of the different types of sealers using confocal laser microscopy which is useful for the success of root canal treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: As sealer has to seal voids, foramina, and canals, it should have good penetration for the success of root canal treatment.

Evaluation of Eruption Pattern and Caries Occurrence among Children Affected with Fluorosis.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate eruption pattern and occurrence of caries in children affected with fluorosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty subjects (75 each with/without fluorosis) with age group of 7-8 years were selected. Dental fluorosis assessed on the buccal surfaces of the permanent incisors and molars and scored using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index. The tooth were scored as emerged when at least one cusp of the tooth was visible in the mouth. Caries attack rate in primary and permanent teeth were estimated using DMFS and defs index in fluorosis patient. The findings were subjected to statistical analysis. The data were analyzed using Student "t" test and ANOVA "F" test. RESULTS: There was statistically highly significant difference found in the incidence of occlusal, mesioproximal, and distoproximal caries between fluorotic and nonfluorotic patients (p < 0.001). The result of present study showed a nonsignificant association between fluoride exposure parameter and median emergence ages of permanent incisors and molar teeth. On the other hand, caries occurrence shows a significant association with fluorosis. CONCLUSION: In this study, a significant positive correlation exists in the prevalence of caries and fluorosis. It is concluded that occlusal and proximal caries are less pronounced in fluorosis patients. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dental caries is a public health problem. In this study, we study the fluoride effect since the predominant cariostatic effect of fluoride is beneficial in extensive caries reduction without a concomitant risk of dental fluorosis. How to cite this article: Trivedi S, Trivedi A, Banda NR, et al. Evaluation of Eruption Pattern and Caries Occurrence among Children Affected with Fluorosis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(10):1217-1222.

Correlation of Blood Glucose Levels, Salivary Glucose Levels and Oral Colony Forming Units of Candida albicans in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

AIM: The study aims to correlate salivary glucose, blood glucose levels and oral colony forming units of Candida albicans and to evaluate whether saliva can be used as noninvasive means to measure glycemic status in type II diabetics without the need for the invasive procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 100 type II diabetic patients (group I) of both genders with age 40 years and above and100 healthy patients (group II), age and sex matched with the study group. Group I includes uncontrolled and controlled diabetics as groups IA and IB, respectively. Salivary glucose measurement was done using the enzymatic colorimetric method and blood glucose levels measured by doing venepuncture and centrifuged. The oral candidal carriage was calculated by incubation in Sabouraud's dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol and incubated aerobically for 48 hours. To compare the mean values Z test was applied. To determine the relationship between two variables Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. RESULTS: The salivary glucose levels showed a significant correlation with blood glucose levels. The salivary candida carriage was higher in uncontrolled as compared to controlled diabetics and healthy individuals. CONCLUSION: Positive correlation was obtained between salivary glucose and blood glucose in diabetics and candidal carriage has a positive correlation with blood glucose levels. This salivary glucose and blood glucose levels correlation confirms its use to find glycemic status in diabetic patients. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The positive correlation of salivary glucose with blood glucose shows that it can be utilized as a noninvasive tool for monitoring glycemic status in diabetic patients.